spandrels

As for their "famous 'spandrels' argument," I and others have refuted it in numerous places, including these pages [4] George Williams originally noted that some traits are not adaptations but by-products of adaptations ( "spandrels"), and proposed ways of telling them apart.

'The Blank Slate': An Exchange Pinker, Steven 2003

In the spandrels are a series of deeply-sunk and moulded quatrefoils, two of which contain sculpture.

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Durham A Description of Its Fabric and A Brief History of the Espiscopal See Joseph E. Bygate

Gould and Lewontin argued that many of the characteristics of organisms are what they called "spandrels", not adaptations.

Ancient Predator Revealed! 2009

I put it down to the death of Stephan Jay Gould, his erstwhile evolutionary sparring partner who would do battle and lock "spandrels" with him one day, then stand shoulder to shoulder on the next against the rising tide of fundamentalism.

Dawkins Laban 2006

This expounds Gould's ideas on 'spandrels': the suggestion that many features of organisms aren't produced by adaptive evolutionary selection, but by simple pattern-forming mechanisms to fill in structural spaces (akin to the non-functional spandrels in architecture).

Wolfram online Ray Girvan 2004

This expounds Gould's ideas on 'spandrels': the suggestion that many features of organisms aren't produced by adaptive evolutionary selection, but by simple pattern-forming mechanisms to fill in structural spaces (akin to the non-functional spandrels in architecture).

Archive 2004-02-01 Ray Girvan 2004

The building's alcoves and recessed spandrels heighten the vertical emphasis and the four-sided clock tower.

Tamie Adaya: Los Angeles: Art Deco Mecca Tamie Adaya 2011

The building's alcoves and recessed spandrels heighten the vertical emphasis and the four-sided clock tower.

Tamie Adaya: Los Angeles: Art Deco Mecca Tamie Adaya 2011

The building's alcoves and recessed spandrels heighten the vertical emphasis and the four-sided clock tower.

Tamie Adaya: Los Angeles: Art Deco Mecca Tamie Adaya 2011

The building's alcoves and recessed spandrels heighten the vertical emphasis and the four-sided clock tower.

Tamie Adaya: Los Angeles: Art Deco Mecca Tamie Adaya 2011