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Examples
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American sheathbill (Chionis alba); south polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki); brown skua (Catharacta lonnbergi); southern black-backed gull (Larus dominicanus); and,
Antarctic Peninsula 2009
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First, such reductions are likely to happen most rapidly in species that experience some physiological constraint at their southern range margin, for example, the winter thermal constraint postulated for cloudberry [23] or the summer thermal constraints postulated for the great skua (Catharacta skua [24]).
Recent and projected changes in arctic species distributions and potential ranges 2009
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Only the marauding subantarctic skua Catharacta antarctica feeds on the island, mostly on spectacled petrels.
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Le Corre suggests that the occurrence of the white-tailed brown morph at Europa may act as a defensive camouflage against kleptoparasitism (a behavior of stealing another bird's catch) by great frigatebirds (Fregata minor) and brown skuas (Catharacta antarctica).
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Rabbits have been the main threat in the past, causing widespread vegetation changes and providing an abundance of prey for cats and the main native predator, brown skua Catharacta lonnbergi, which is now declining as a result of rabbit control.
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Predation by a small but growing number of skuas Catharacta skua (170 pairs) may be partly responsible.
St Kilda (Hirta) National Nature Reserve, United Kingdom 2008
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However, calling is a costly activity in some petrel species since avian predators, such as skuas Catharacta skua lönnbergi, use calls to localize their petrel prey
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Other residents of the islands are sooty albatross (Phoebetria fusca) (240 pairs), remnant populations of soft-plumaged petrel (Pterodroma mollis) and grey petrel (Procellaria cinera), antarctic tern (Sterna vittata tristanensis), brown skua (Catharacta lonnbergi), and common waxbill (Estrilda astrild) (introduced 1977-1985).
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